Futsal game rules

Futsal game rules
Game Time
PERIOD match. Futsal is played in two rounds. Each round lasts 20 minutes. Time was not included when the ball is dead or the game is suspended because of a specific incident. Time out can be extended if there is a penalty or a free kick. In the second round, there are maximum 15-minute rest period.

Time-outEach team entitled to one time-out per babaknya. The length of time-out one minute. Time-out proposed by the coach to the referee if his team is to control the ball. If half of the first round not to take up the time-out, the team is not entitled to two time-out in the second round.
Determination of winners
Goals. Occur if the overall goal, the ball crossed the goal line between the goalposts and under the crossbar. New goals are considered valid if the ball was not thrown, carried by hand or touching the hand of a player from the team that is attacking. In this case, including the goalkeeper prohibited.
Winning team. The team that wins is considered a score more goals during the game. If both teams score the same number of goals scored or not at all, the game ended with a draw position.Special rulesFIFA gives some leeway for each competition, whether to an extension of time or other procedures to determine the winner of the match.
Pelanggaran.Di futsal match, there are some things that should not be done by a player during a match. It involves techniques and nonteknik. As punishment, the opposing team will be awarded a free kick. The referee has the absolute power to decide whether committed players, including type of offense or not.Broadly speaking, there are two types of violations of the major and minor violations.Serious violations:
* Kicking or attempting to kick an opponent.* Prop or trying to block the opponent.* Jumping to the opponent.* Attacking an opponent, even if only to use the shoulder.* Hitting or trying to hit your opponent.* Encourage your opponent.* Holding the opponent.* Spitting on an opponent.* Holding the ball deliberately.
Misdemeanors. A goalkeeper holding the ball from his teammate without first touched the opponent. A goalkeeper had the ball for more than four seconds, unless he does it in the opponent.
Playing in the dangerous category.
* Obstructs an opponent who is not being the ball.* Prevents the opponent goalkeeper releases the ball.Touching the ball with his hands by accident.
Card
Yellow card. Individually, a player who commits an offense shall be given a warning. One of them was a yellow card giving. It is given if:Players guilty of unsportsmanlike thing.
* Removing the words that are not appropriate.* Fixed a foul despite having been warned.* Buying-ngulur a resumption of the match.* Violate distance penalty kick while underway.* Breaking the substitution procedure.* Deliberately left the field without the referee's permission.
Red card. A player given a red card, are required to leave the playing field and not allowed to play anymore.Red card given if:
* Guilty, play very rough.* Guilty, behave rudely.* Spitting on an opponent or another person.* Block the opposing team a goal made by hand.* Clearly illegally thwarting the opponent the opportunity to score.* Use words that are insulting.* Receiving a second yellow card.
Special provisionsThere is a special rule that is very different about soccer red card. In futsal, team player a red card right to insert substitute two minutes after the red card given, but before the two minutes that there was a goal. If the goal happen, the referee based on the following conditions:
* If the top five against four players, and the team with more players scoring before two minutes, the team with the fewer number of players eligible to enter the player.* If the position of four against four and create goals, the game will still continue with that amount.* If the position five to three or four against three, and the team with more players scoring before two minutes, the team with three players are only eligible to enter one additional player.* If the position of three against three and create goals, the game will still continue with that amount.* If the team that scored fewer goals before two minutes, the game without increasing the number of players.
Penalty Kick
Indirect free kick. This kick awarded to the opposing team if a player commits minor violations. Kick taken from the point where the offense occurred. If there is in the penalty box, the penalty kick is taken from the nearest line. Goals can be scored only if the ball has touched another player before entering the goal. Teams that survive are allowed to form a wall of defense with a minimum distance of 5 meters from the ball.
Direct free kick. Normal Conditions: Awarded to the opposing team if a player commits serious violations. Goals can be directly created through this kick. Teams that survive are allowed to form a wall of defense with a minimum distance of 5 meters from the ball.
Accumulation of violationsIf the team's offense more than five times each babaknya, then earned a free kick the other team will be conditioned as follows:
* Teams that survive can not form a wall of defense. They should be behind an imaginary line parallel to the specified referee and the goal line.* Kick should be addressed directly to the goal, should not be offered to other players.* Before touching or keeper of the pole and bounced off the crossbar, the other players may not touch the ball.* Kick should not be taken at a distance of less than six meters from the goal. If it happens in the penalty box, the penalty kick is taken from the nearest line.* If the offense occurred in the sixth opponent or his own area between the two penalty points and the center line, the free kick will be the second from the penalty spot.* If the offense occurred in the sixth itself between the goal line and penalty spot both outside the penalty box, then the team gets a free kick may choose the penalty spot in the second or violation.
PenaltyAwarded to the team that committed violations in their own penalty box. Kick made the first from the penalty spot. Goal may be scored directly from this kick. Besides the kicker and the goalkeeper opponent, the other players must be outside the penalty box.
Special rules. For a penalty kick and free kick straight when more than five violations, the following provisions apply:
* When a player violates the team survive the procedure, the kick to be repeated if it is not created from the goal kick. Kicking will not be repeated if the created goals.* When a player kicks a team that did make infringement procedure, the kick to be repeated if it created a goal kick. Kicking will not be repeated if no goals are created.
For a direct free kick and indirect, if the team gets a free kick did more than 4 seconds, the referee will turn into an indirect free kick to the opposing team.
Kick Starting the Game Back
Kicking into. Substitute a throw-in in soccer. Kick is awarded if the ball over the sideline either on the ground or air. Goals should not be created directly from this kick. If it takes more than 4 seconds, the referee will turn into an indirect free kick to the opposing team.
A goal kick. Kick is awarded if the ball crossed the goal line with the final touches done by one player who is attacking. Kick is taken from any point inside the penalty box. Goals should not be created directly from this kick. If it takes more than 4 seconds, the referee will turn into an indirect free kick in the penalty line for the opposing team.
Corner kick. Kick is awarded if the ball crossed the goal line with the final touches done by one of the players who are to survive. Kick taken inside the corner arc at the nearest corner of the release of the ball. Goals may be directly created this kick, but only to a team that last goal. The defender must be within a minimum of 5 meters from the ball. If the kick takes more than 4 seconds, the referee will turn into an indirect free kick inside the corner arc for the opposing team.

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SOCCER

soccer

this time I will post an article about a game played by 22 people and 22 people were divided into two teams finished in atu there were 11 people .. for more details, read the following article.

Football is a sport using a ball that is played by two teams, each consisting of 11 (eleven) persons. Entering the 21st century, the sport has been played by over 250 million people in 200 countries, making it the most popular sport in the world. Football aims to score as much as possible by using a leather ball into the opposing goal. Football is played in a rectangular field, on grass or artificial turf.

In general only the goalkeeper is entitled to touch the ball with hand or arm in the area of ​​the net, while 10 (ten) other players are only allowed to use the entire body except the hands, usually with the legs to kick, chest to control, and head for the ball. The team that scored more goals at the end of the game is the winner. If the until time expired still end in a draw, then do the draw, extra time and penalties, depending on the organization of the championship format.

Regulations generally match updated every year by the international football governing body (FIFA), which also organizes the World Cup every four years.

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Interfaith Marriage Laws in Islam

Interfaith Marriage Laws in Islam
Marriage is one kind of worship in Islam. Every man who has grown up, and spiritually sound mind definitely needs a life. Mates can meet the biological needs, which can love and be loved, to love and be loved, and who to work with in order to bring peace, peace and prosperity in the married life tangga.Menurut language, marriage means to gather or unite. According to the terms, marriage is the doing of a contract or agreement to bind themselves between a man and a woman justifies the relationship between the two bodies on a voluntary basis and consent order to realize the happy family blessed by Allah SWT.
Distribution Interfaith Marriage In our lives today IslamDidalam marriage between two people is a common religion and indeed it was recommended in our religion. But in the name of love, is now common (but not necessarily allowed religion) do interfaith marriage or a mixed marriage. It is already well set in our religion, religion Islam.Secara general interfaith marriage in Islam can be divided into two parts, namely: 1. Marriage between Muslim men with non-muslim2 women. Marriage between a non-Muslim man with a woman muslimahNamun before we talk about the wedding of the above, should we need to know about the meaning of non-Muslims in Islam. Of non-Muslims themselves can be divided into 2, namely: Group One Book Rowaa'iul Bayyan MusyrikMenurut interpretation Ayyah Arkam juz 1 page 282 works Syech As Muhammad Ali As Shobuni, Pagans are people who have dared to GOD Almighty associating with creatures NYA (worshiping statues, idols or the like). few examples of groups such as Zoroastrianism idolaters who worship fire or the sun, Shabi'in, Mushrikeen, and some religions in Indonesia who worship statues, idols or sejenisnyaGolongan Expert commentary KitabMenurut Book Rowaa'iul Bayyan Ayyah Arkam juz 1 page Syech As Muhammad Ali As Shobuni, People of the Book are those who cling to the religion of the Torah of Moses As. Yanga or they cling to the religion of the Bible Prophet Isa As. Or many were calling a divine religion or religions are derived directly from the sky and Nasrani.Mengenai term Jewish People of the Book, there is a difference of opinion among the scholars'. Some scholars' opinion that they all, including the Christians who lived in Indonesia is inclusive of the Book. But there is also an opinion that the People of the Book are those who nasabnya (in genealogy since their ancestors first) when lowered already embraced Christianity. So the Christians in Indonesia, based on the opinion of some scholars' does not include Kitab.1 Expert. Marriage Between Muslim Men With Non-MuslimDidalam Women Islam, marriage between Muslim men to non-Muslim women of the Book, according to the opinion of some scholars' are allowed. It is based on the Word of GOD Almighty in the Qur'an Surat Al-Maida verse 5, which means "(And lawful married) women who maintain the honor and from among those who believe and women who guard the honor and from the Experts Book before you. "But there are some requirements that would implement it if asked, namely: Obviously NasabnyaMenurut genealogy or by descent from their ancestors is the Scripture, so as the conclusion of the Ulama 'above, most of the Christians in Indonesia is not a faction of the Book, as well as the Chinese who are Christians in Indonesia.Benar really Sticking In the Torah and the Book InjilApabila indeed if they adhere to the law and or the Gospel (which is really original) surely they will eventually go Islam, because it is actually on the Torah and the Gospel of the original has been mentioned that there will come a Prophet after Prophet Moses and Prophet Isa As As, ie Nabiullah Muhammad. And if they believe in the existence of Nabiullah Muhammad, they would go IslamWanita People of the Book are later able to keep their children from harm future fitnahAda some Hadith History Umar, Uthman, Talha Friend, Friend Hudzaifah, Friend Salman, Jabir Friend and some other Companions, all allow Muslim men to marry women of the Book. Companion Umar bin Khattab once said "Muslim men are allowed to marry a woman of the Book and are not allowed to marry a man of the Book Muslim woman." Even Hudzaifah Friend and Friend Talha was once married to a woman of the Book but eventually the woman to Islam. Thus, the decision to allow married women of the Book is an Ijma '(meaning a deal that is the consensus of the scholars in establishing a law of religious law based on the Quran and Hadith in a case that happens.) Of the Companions. Scholars 'great Ibn al-Mundhir said that if there are Ulama' Salaf who forbid marriage above, the history is not considered too ShahihDemikian Majlis Fatwa Ulama Indonesia (MUI) Number: 4/MUNAS VII/MUI/8/2005 per-dated 9 -22 Jumadil End 1426 H. / 26-29 July 2005 M (here) about the prohibition of marriage with Muslim men women of the Book by consideration of the benefit. Although the fatwa was carried by referring to some of the arguments naqli, still removing skill Muslim man to marry a woman of the Book as mentioned in the Qur'an. Al-Maidah paragraph 5 above. And apparently the fatwa issued by driven by the conviction that there is competition between religions. The scholars 'consider that the competition has reached the critical points for the benefit and growth of the muslimNamun some scholars' which expressly forbids marriage between Muslim men with women of the Book. The Scholars' is basing his opinion on the Word of GOD Al-Quran Surat Al-Baqarah verse 221 which means "And do not marry polytheistic women, before they believe. Indeed, the Muslim slave woman is better than a polytheist woman, even though she impress you. And do not marry idolaters (with women believers) before they believe. verily believing slave is better than a polytheist, even though they impress you. They invite you to hell, while GOD invites to Paradise and forgiveness by permission. And GOD explain the verses (the commands) to mankind that they may take heed "And the Quran Surat Al-Mumtahanah verse 10 which means" O ye who believe, when it comes to you emigrated women who believe, let You test (faith) them. GOD knows about their faith; then if you have to know that they are (really) believers so do not return them to their (husbands) they are infidels. They are not lawful for them. And give it to (husbands) them, they have paid dowry. And there is no sin on you to marry them if you pay them the dowry. And do not stick to the rope (marriage) with a gentile woman, and be ye ask for dowry which you have paid, and let them ask for dowry which they had paid. Thus, the enactment of laws GOD among you, and GOD is Knower, Wise "Besides, they also hold the Companion Abdullah bin Umar words meaning" no idolatry of the greatest than women who believed Isa ibn Maryam as his god. "In the book of Al -Mughni juz 9 pages of 545 works of Imam Ibn Qudama, Ibn Abbas had stated, the law of marriage in QS. Al-Baqarah verse 221 and QS. Al-Mumtahanah paragraph 10 above was deleted (mansukh) by QS. Al-Maidah verse 5. Hence the prevailing marriage is legal permissibility of Muslim men to women experts KitabSedangkan marriage between Muslim men with women musyrikah, according to the consensus of the scholars' remain forbidden, whatever the reason, because it was feared could cause fitnah2. Marriage Between Non-Muslim Men With Women MuslimahPernikahan between a Muslim woman with a non-Muslim man, according to the scholars' remain forbidden, either to marry a man of the Book and the polytheists man. It is feared the woman who had married a non-Muslim man can not resist the temptation to come to him. Just as a woman can not refuse her husband's request that may bertentangang with Islamic law, or she can not resist the temptation that comes from the husband who is not a believer who may tend to be more dominanDalil naqli statement on illegitimate marriage a Muslim woman with a non-Muslim man is Al-Quran Surat Al-Maida verse 5, which says that GOD Almighty allow marriage only a Muslim man with a woman of the Book, not vice versa. If marriage is allowed, then GOD Almighty will surely confirm it in the Al-Quran. Therefore, based always known al-mukhalafah, implicitly GOD Almighty forbid In such marriages the book interpretation of Al-Imam Ibn Jarir work Tabati At-Tabari, said Jabir bin Abdillah History Hadith that Prophet Muhammad once said: "We (the Muslims) married women People of the Book, but they (the men of the Book) should not marry our women "
According to Imam Ibn Jarir At-Tabari, although sanad-sanad Hadith is a bit problematic, meaning agreed upon by the Muslims, then the proof can dipertanggungjawabkan.KesimpulanSebenarnya his marriage between Muslim men with the women of the Book is allowed in Islam, but because of the current extremely difficult to encounter a woman of the Book who really "People of the Book", then I can conclude that the marriage of different religions that exist today can not be said to be valid because almost no women of the Scripture that actually adhere to the law and or Gospel. Since both of these scriptures that exist today is not the Torah and the Gospel were genuine. As for Muslim women who marry non-Muslim men, both polytheistic men and men of the Book remains convicted haramNabi Muhammad once said: "She was married for four things: his property, for his descendants, for her beauty and her religion because of good quality. So choose a good quality women religious, surely you would be lucky ". (Narrated by Bukhari and Muslim) So for Muslims and Muslim, interfaith marriage grounds for reasons of love, equality, solidarity, tolerance, or for whatever reason can not dibenarkan.Perlu also asserted that the issue of marriage Muslim men to women is an act of the Book were judged permissible, but not recommended, especially command. Therefore the ideal wedding and who can bring us safe in this world and the hereafter, and bring our families to be families sakinah, mawaddah and warohmah was married to the same religion that Islam.Wallahu 'nature bisshowaab

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Understanding computers

Understanding computers
Computers are tools used to process the data according to the order that has been formulated. Computer word originally used to describe people who perkerjaannya perform arithmetic calculations, with or without the tools, but the meaning of the word is then transferred to the machine itself. Origins, processing information almost exclusively related to arithmetical problems, but modern computers are used for many tasks unrelated to mathematics.
Broadly, the computer can be defined as an electronic equipment that consists of several components, which can work together between the components with one another to produce a program based on information and data available. The computer components are included: Screen Monitor, CPU, Keyboard, Mouse, and Printer (as a complement). Without a computer printer can still do its job as a data processor, but the extent seen on the monitor has not been in print form (paper).
In this definition that there are tools such as slide rule, mechanical calculators types ranging from abacus and so on, until all contemporary electronic computers. The term better suited for a broad sense as "computer" is "that process information" or "information-processing system."
Today, computers are becoming more sophisticated. However, before the computer is not small, sophisticated, cool and light as now. In the history of computers, there are 5 generations of computer history.
Computer Generation
The first generation
With the onset of the Second World War, the countries involved in the war sought to develop computers to exploit their potential strategic importance a computer. This increased funding for computer development and accelerate technical progress. In 1941, Konrad Zuse, a German engineer to build a computer, the Z3, to design airplanes and missiles.
Party allies also made other progress in the development of computer power. In 1943, the British completed a secret code-breaking computer called Colossus to crack the secret code used by Germany. The Colossus did not really affect the development of the computer industry because of two reasons. First, the Colossus is not a versatile computer (general-purpose computer), it was only designed to decode secret messages. Second, the existence of the machine was kept secret until decades after the war ended.
The work done by the Americans at that time produced a broader achievement. Howard H. Aiken (1900-1973), a Harvard engineer working with IBM, succeeded in producing electronic calculators for the U.S. Navy. The calculator measures the length of a football field and a half away and has a range of 500 miles along the cable. The Harvard-IBM Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator, or Mark I, an electronic relay computer. It uses electromagnetic signals to move mechanical components. The machine was slow (taking 3-5 seconds per calculation) and inflexible (order calculations can not be changed). The calculator can perform basic arithmetic and more complex equations.
The development of the present day computer was the Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC), which was created by the cooperation between the United States and the University of Pennsylvania. Consisting of 18,000 vacuum tubes, 70,000 resistors and 5 million soldered joints, the computer is a machine that consume enormous power of 160kW.
The computer was designed by John Presper Eckert (1919-1995) and John W. Mauchly (1907-1980), ENIAC is a versatile computer (general purpose computer) that work 1000 times faster than the Mark I.
In the mid-1940s, John von Neumann (1903-1957) joined the University of Pennsylvania team, initiating concepts in computer design are up to 40 years is still used in computer engineering. Von Neumann designed the Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer (EDVAC) in 1945 with a memory to hold both programs and data. This technique allows the computer to stop at some point and then resume her job back. The main key von Neumann architecture is the central processing unit (CPU), which allowed all computer functions to be coordinated through a single source. In 1951, UNIVAC I (Universal Automatic Computer I) made by Remington Rand, became the first commercial computer that uses the Von Neumann architecture model.
Neither the U.S. Census Bureau and General Electric have UNIVAC. One of the impressive results achieved by the UNIVAC dalah success in predicting victory Dwilight D. Eisenhower in the 1952 presidential election.
First generation computers were characterized by the fact that operating instructions were made specifically for a particular task. Each computer has a different binary code program called "machine language" (machine language). This causes the computer is difficult to be programmed and the speed limit. Another feature is the use of first-generation computer vacuum tube (which makes the computer at that time are very large) and magnetic cylinders for the storage of data.
The second generation
In 1948, the invention of the transistor greatly influenced the development of computers. The transistor replaced the vacuum tube in televisions, radios, and computers. As a result, the size of electric machines is reduced drastically.
The transistor used in computers began in 1956. Other findings in the form of magnetic core memory-second generation computers smaller, faster, more reliable, and more energy efficient than its predecessor. The first machine that utilizes this new technology is the supercomputer. IBM makes supercomputer named Stretch, and Sprery-Rand makes a computer named LARC. These computers, both developed for atomic energy laboratories, could handle large amounts of data, a capability much in demand by atomic scientists. The machine is very expensive and tend to be too complex for business computing needs, thereby limiting. There are only two LARC ever installed and used: one at the Lawrence Radiation Labs in Livermore, California, and the other at the U.S. Navy Research and Development Center in Washington DC The second generation of computers replacing the machine language to assembly language. Assembly language is a language that uses abbreviations to replace the binary code.
In the early 1960s, computers began to appear successful second generation in the business, in universities and in government. The second generation of computers is a computer which used transistors. They also have components that can be associated with the computer at this time: printers, storage, disk, memory, operating system, and programs.
One important example is the computer during 1401 that is widely accepted in the industry. In 1965, almost all large businesses use computers second generation to financial memprosesinformasi.
The program stored in the computer programming language in it gives flexibility to the computer. Flexibility is increased performance at a reasonable price for business use. With this concept, the computer can print customer invoices and minutes later design products or calculate paychecks. Some programming languages ​​began to appear at that time. Programming language Common Business-Oriented Language (COBOL) and FORTRAN (Formula Translator) came into common use. These languages ​​replaced cryptic binary machine code with words, sentences, and mathematical formulas are more easily understood by humans. This makes it easy for someone to program a computer. A wide range of emerging careers (programmer, systems analyst, and expert computer systems). Industr software also began to appear and grow during this second generation of computers.
The third generation
Although the transistors in many respects the vacuum tube, but transistors generate substantial heat, which could potentially damage the internal parts of the computer. Quartz stone (quartz rock) eliminates this problem. Jack Kilby, an engineer at Texas Instruments, developed the integrated circuit (IC: integrated circuit) in 1958. IC combined three electronic components onto a small silicon disc, made from quartz. Scientists later managed to fit more components into a single chip, called a semiconductor. As a result, computers became ever smaller as more components were squeezed onto the chip. Other third-generation development is the use of the operating system (operating system) which allows the engine to run many different programs at once with a central program that monitored and coordinated the computer's memory.
The fourth generation
After IC, the only place to go was down the size of circuits and electrical components. Large Scale Integration (LSI) could fit hundreds of components onto one chip. In the 1980's, Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) contains thousands of components on a single chip.
Ultra-Large Scale Integration (ULSI) increased that number into the millions. The ability to install so many components in a chip that berukurang half coin prices eased and the size of the computer. It also increased power, efficiency and reliability. Intel 4004 chip made in 1971membawa advances in IC by putting all the components of a computer (central processing unit, memory, and control input / output) in a very small chip. Previously, the IC is made to do a certain task specific. Now, a microprocessor could be manufactured and then programmed to meet all demands. Soon, every household devices such as microwave ovens, televisions, and automobiles with electronic fuel injection (EFI) is equipped with a microprocessor.
Such developments allow ordinary people to use computers. The computer is no longer a dominance of large corporations or government agencies. In the mid-1970s, computer assemblers offer their computer products to the general public. These computers, called minicomputers, sold with a software package that is easy to use by the layman. The most popular software at the time was word processing and spreadsheet programs. In the early 1980s, such as the Atari 2600 video game consumer interest in home computers are more sophisticated and can be programmed.
In 1981, IBM introduced the use of Personal Computer (PC) for use in homes, offices, and schools. The number of PCs in use jumped from 2 million units in 1981 to 5.5 million units in 1982. Ten years later, 65 million PCs in use. Computers continued their trend toward a smaller size, from computers that are on the table (desktop computer) to a computer that can be inserted into the bag (laptop), or even a computer that can be held (palmtop).
IBM PC to compete with Apple's Macintosh line, introduced in. Apple Macintosh became famous for popularizing the computer graphics system, while his rival was still using a text-based computer. Macintosh also popularized the use of mouse devices.
At the present time, we know the way to the use of IBM compatible CPU: IBM PC/486, Pentium, Pentium II, Pentium III, Pentium IV (series of CPUs made by Intel). Also we know AMD k6, Athlon, etc.. This is all included in the class of fourth generation computers.
Along with the proliferation of computer usage in the workplace, new ways to harness their potential developed. Along with the increased strength of a small computer, these computers can be connected together in a network to share a memory, software, information, and also to be able to communicate with each other. Computer networks allow a single computer to establish electronic collaboration to complete a task process. By using direct cabling (also called Local Area Network or LAN), or [telephone cable, the network can become very large.
The fifth generation
Defining the fifth generation computer becomes quite difficult because the field is still very young. Example of fifth generation computer imaginative fictional HAL9000 computer from the novel by Arthur C. Clarke titled 2001: Space Odyssey. HAL displays all the desired functions of a fifth-generation computers. With artificial intelligence (artificial intelligence or AI), HAL may have enough reason to hold conversations with humans, using visual feedback, and learn from his own experiences.
Although it may be the realization of HAL9000 is still far from reality, many of the functions that had been established. Some computers can receive verbal instructions and imitate human reasoning. The ability to translate a foreign language also becomes possible. The facility is deceptively simple. However, such facilities become much more complicated than expected when programmers realized that human understanding relies heavily on context and understanding rather than just translate the words directly.
Many advances in computer design and technology is increasingly enabling the manufacture of fifth generation computers. Two such engineering advances are parallel processing capabilities, which will replace the non-Neumann model. Non Neumann model will be replaced with a system that is able to coordinate many CPUs to work as one. Another advance is superconductor technology, which allows the flow of electrically without any obstacles, which will accelerate the speed of information.
Japan is a country well known in the jargon of socialization and the fifth generation computer project. Institutions ICOT (Institute for new Computer Technology) was also set up to make it happen. Many news stating that the project has failed, but some other information that the success of the fifth generation computer project will bring new changes in the world of computerized paradigm

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The nature of man by month of birth

The nature of man by month of birth
want to know what attitude do you guys like your boyfriend or properties or nature of your guy friends. read the following article.
The man who was born in January, unusually prominent character is easy to fall in love but do not easily forget the love if betrayed. The man also has a romantic, but a hard time expressing his feelings. Because they are usually shy and easily jealous. Jealousy is what often makes her love affair to end.
The man was born in February, usually have abstract thinking, intelligent, temperamental, frequent mood swings, sometimes humble, shy, modest, overly sensitive and easily hurt. But this man has courage high and stubborn. They also do not like things that are not considered essential. In addition, they have a strong determination, tend to have an ambitious dream or desire and attempt to get it by all means.
In March, he usually has an aura that attract the sympathy of the opposite sex. Other notable properties are shy, pecemburu and rely heavily on the couple. He is also a demanding and a lot of wants.
Men April, it is very difficult to open the door of his heart in the middle when his heart was wounded and hurt. They had harbored the view that it is better than the feeling of rejection. His soul is far from romantic, but he is very loyal to her partner.
For men May, usually they appreciate honesty more than anything. Indeed, he may very easily fall in love, especially knowing she could see his soul happy fancies. They did a nice speaker, but when with friends, she likes to organize.
Birth of June, he is very picky and very brand minded. As indeed they have a very high taste. His temper is explosive and often silent action and volatile mood. Kindness can be influenced by something which he considered quite convincing. Although it has a lot of ideas but doubts are always enveloped her mind.
The man who was born in July, they are usually very happy to be beside the beloved. They always tell me the truth, sensitive but easy to forgive someone. Easily provoked by something related to his feelings, but they're a good listener.
For men in August, the original characters are always happy to take the lead and stand in front of his friends. They have a loving and compassionate soul. This man has a romantic type, so it is smart to treat women tend to like to brag. Her feelings are very delicate or sensitive. The most prominent is that they love to lament on others, without question.
Men September, clever persuade, compromise, be firm, quiet but smart talk. They are very rarely shows his emotions so it is more likely to hide his feelings. This man also has a strong memory and the type of thinker. So the slightest mistake, they may be remembered. They are also very picky, not haphazardly choose a partner and hooked criticize. Love sports, adventure and relax.
If he was born in October, so they include great communicators and happy talk because it said the language is subtle and sympathetic. Do not like convoluted. He was not good at lying and less pretense. Has a bad temper, selfishness. Greatly influenced by personal opinions and tend to hell with what other people think. Quick decision making and one of its advantages, he gifted a great astrologer because his instincts are very strong.
Born in November, he usually has a far-sighted thinking, unique and intelligent. He has ideas extraordinary. Their thinking is sharp and always wanted to know. Strong stance and vindictive. He rarely angry, unless forced. It has a very in love and patience. Prominent feature of her stature strong and vibrant.
While the men were born in December, they have a loyal nature, generous, impatient and in a hurry. Easy to fall in love and hasty in touch. Has a high dependence on the couple. Irritability but also playful. Basically he has a good sense of humor. Personal pleasant, sociable and do not like being in a confined situation. Is it true that you please attention through motion.

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History of computer

History of computer
you still do not know about the history of the computer that you always use? certainly there are those among us who do not know the history of the computer, so this time I'll post about the history of computers. for more details read this artike.
History includes computer hardware, architecture, and its effect on software.
Understanding computersComputers are tools used to process the data according to the order that has been formulated. Computer word originally used to describe people who perkerjaannya perform arithmetic calculations, with or without the tools, but the meaning of the word is then transferred to the machine itself. Origins, processing information almost exclusively related to arithmetical problems, but modern computers are used for many tasks unrelated to mathematics.
Broadly, the computer can be defined as an electronic equipment that consists of several components, which can work together between the components with one another to produce a program based on information and data available. The computer components are included: Screen Monitor, CPU, Keyboard, Mouse, and Printer (as a complement). Without a computer printer can still do its job as a data processor, but the extent seen on the monitor has not been in print form (paper).
In this definition that there are tools such as slide rule, mechanical calculators types ranging from abacus and so on, until all contemporary electronic computers. The term better suited for a broad sense as "computer" is "that process information" or "information-processing system."
Today, computers are becoming more sophisticated. However, before the computer is not small, sophisticated, cool and light as now. In the history of computers, there are 5 generations of computer history.
Computer Generation
The first generation
With the onset of the Second World War, the countries involved in the war sought to develop computers to exploit their potential strategic importance a computer. This increased funding for computer development and accelerate technical progress. In 1941, Konrad Zuse, a German engineer to build a computer, the Z3, to design airplanes and missiles.
Party allies also made other progress in the development of computer power. In 1943, the British completed a secret code-breaking computer called Colossus to crack the secret code used by Germany. The Colossus did not really affect the development of the computer industry because of two reasons. First, the Colossus is not a versatile computer (general-purpose computer), it was only designed to decode secret messages. Second, the existence of the machine was kept secret until decades after the war ended.
The work done by the Americans at that time produced a broader achievement. Howard H. Aiken (1900-1973), a Harvard engineer working with IBM, succeeded in producing electronic calculators for the U.S. Navy. The calculator measures the length of a football field and a half away and has a range of 500 miles along the cable. The Harvard-IBM Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator, or Mark I, an electronic relay computer. It uses electromagnetic signals to move mechanical components. The machine was slow (taking 3-5 seconds per calculation) and inflexible (order calculations can not be changed). The calculator can perform basic arithmetic and more complex equations.
The development of the present day computer was the Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC), which was created by the cooperation between the United States and the University of Pennsylvania. Consisting of 18,000 vacuum tubes, 70,000 resistors and 5 million soldered joints, the computer is a machine that consume enormous power of 160kW.
The computer was designed by John Presper Eckert (1919-1995) and John W. Mauchly (1907-1980), ENIAC is a versatile computer (general purpose computer) that work 1000 times faster than the Mark I.
In the mid-1940s, John von Neumann (1903-1957) joined the University of Pennsylvania team, initiating concepts in computer design are up to 40 years is still used in computer engineering. Von Neumann designed the Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer (EDVAC) in 1945 with a memory to hold both programs and data. This technique allows the computer to stop at some point and then resume her job back. The main key von Neumann architecture is the central processing unit (CPU), which allowed all computer functions to be coordinated through a single source. In 1951, UNIVAC I (Universal Automatic Computer I) made by Remington Rand, became the first commercial computer that uses the Von Neumann architecture model.
Neither the U.S. Census Bureau and General Electric have UNIVAC. One of the impressive results achieved by the UNIVAC dalah success in predicting victory Dwilight D. Eisenhower in the 1952 presidential election.
First generation computers were characterized by the fact that operating instructions were made specifically for a particular task. Each computer has a different binary code program called "machine language" (machine language). This causes the computer is difficult to be programmed and the speed limit. Another feature is the use of first-generation computer vacuum tube (which makes the computer at that time are very large) and magnetic cylinders for the storage of data.
The second generation
In 1948, the invention of the transistor greatly influenced the development of computers. The transistor replaced the vacuum tube in televisions, radios, and computers. As a result, the size of electric machines is reduced drastically.
The transistor used in computers began in 1956. Other findings in the form of magnetic core memory-second generation computers smaller, faster, more reliable, and more energy efficient than its predecessor. The first machine that utilizes this new technology is the supercomputer. IBM makes supercomputer named Stretch, and Sprery-Rand makes a computer named LARC. These computers, both developed for atomic energy laboratories, could handle large amounts of data, a capability much in demand by atomic scientists. The machine is very expensive and tend to be too complex for business computing needs, thereby limiting. There are only two LARC ever installed and used: one at the Lawrence Radiation Labs in Livermore, California, and the other at the U.S. Navy Research and Development Center in Washington DC The second generation of computers replacing the machine language to assembly language. Assembly language is a language that uses abbreviations to replace the binary code.
In the early 1960s, computers began to appear successful second generation in the business, in universities and in government. The second generation of computers is a computer which used transistors. They also have components that can be associated with the computer at this time: printers, storage, disk, memory, operating system, and programs.
One important example is the computer during 1401 that is widely accepted in the industry. In 1965, almost all large businesses use computers second generation to financial memprosesinformasi.
The program stored in the computer programming language in it gives flexibility to the computer. Flexibility is increased performance at a reasonable price for business use. With this concept, the computer can print customer invoices and minutes later design products or calculate paychecks. Some programming languages ​​began to appear at that time. Programming language Common Business-Oriented Language (COBOL) and FORTRAN (Formula Translator) came into common use. These languages ​​replaced cryptic binary machine code with words, sentences, and mathematical formulas are more easily understood by humans. This makes it easy for someone to program a computer. A wide range of emerging careers (programmer, systems analyst, and expert computer systems). Industr software also began to appear and grow during this second generation of computers.
The third generation
Although the transistors in many respects the vacuum tube, but transistors generate substantial heat, which could potentially damage the internal parts of the computer. Quartz stone (quartz rock) eliminates this problem. Jack Kilby, an engineer at Texas Instruments, developed the integrated circuit (IC: integrated circuit) in 1958. IC combined three electronic components onto a small silicon disc, made from quartz. Scientists later managed to fit more components into a single chip, called a semiconductor. As a result, computers became ever smaller as more components were squeezed onto the chip. Other third-generation development is the use of the operating system (operating system) which allows the engine to run many different programs at once with a central program that monitored and coordinated the computer's memory.
The fourth generation
After IC, the only place to go was down the size of circuits and electrical components. Large Scale Integration (LSI) could fit hundreds of components onto one chip. In the 1980's, Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) contains thousands of components on a single chip.
Ultra-Large Scale Integration (ULSI) increased that number into the millions. The ability to install so many components in a chip that berukurang half coin prices eased and the size of the computer. It also increased power, efficiency and reliability. Intel 4004 chip made in 1971membawa advances in IC by putting all the components of a computer (central processing unit, memory, and control input / output) in a very small chip. Previously, the IC is made to do a certain task specific. Now, a microprocessor could be manufactured and then programmed to meet all demands. Soon, every household devices such as microwave ovens, televisions, and automobiles with electronic fuel injection (EFI) is equipped with a microprocessor.
Such developments allow ordinary people to use computers. The computer is no longer a dominance of large corporations or government agencies. In the mid-1970s, computer assemblers offer their computer products to the general public. These computers, called minicomputers, sold with a software package that is easy to use by the layman. The most popular software at the time was word processing and spreadsheet programs. In the early 1980s, such as the Atari 2600 video game consumer interest in home computers are more sophisticated and can be programmed.
In 1981, IBM introduced the use of Personal Computer (PC) for use in homes, offices, and schools. The number of PCs in use jumped from 2 million units in 1981 to 5.5 million units in 1982. Ten years later, 65 million PCs in use. Computers continued their trend toward a smaller size, from computers that are on the table (desktop computer) to a computer that can be inserted into the bag (laptop), or even a computer that can be held (palmtop).
IBM PC to compete with Apple's Macintosh line, introduced in. Apple Macintosh became famous for popularizing the computer graphics system, while his rival was still using a text-based computer. Macintosh also popularized the use of mouse devices.
At the present time, we know the way to the use of IBM compatible CPU: IBM PC/486, Pentium, Pentium II, Pentium III, Pentium IV (series of CPUs made by Intel). Also we know AMD k6, Athlon, etc.. This is all included in the class of fourth generation computers.
Along with the proliferation of computer usage in the workplace, new ways to harness their potential developed. Along with the increased strength of a small computer, these computers can be connected together in a network to share a memory, software, information, and also to be able to communicate with each other. Computer networks allow a single computer to establish electronic collaboration to complete a task process. By using direct cabling (also called Local Area Network or LAN), or [telephone cable, the network can become very large.

 The fifth generation
Defining the fifth generation computer becomes quite difficult because the field is still very young. Example of fifth generation computer imaginative fictional HAL9000 computer from the novel by Arthur C. Clarke titled 2001: Space Odyssey. HAL displays all the desired functions of a fifth-generation computers. With artificial intelligence (artificial intelligence or AI), HAL may have enough reason to hold conversations with humans, using visual feedback, and learn from his own experiences.
Although it may be the realization of HAL9000 is still far from reality, many of the functions that had been established. Some computers can receive verbal instructions and imitate human reasoning. The ability to translate a foreign language also becomes possible. The facility is deceptively simple. However, such facilities become much more complicated than expected when programmers realized that human understanding relies heavily on context and understanding rather than just translate the words directly.
Many advances in computer design and technology is increasingly enabling the manufacture of fifth generation computers. Two such engineering advances are parallel processing capabilities, which will replace the non-Neumann model. Non Neumann model will be replaced with a system that is able to coordinate many CPUs to work as one. Another advance is superconductor technology, which allows the flow of electrically without any obstacles, which will accelerate the speed of information.
Japan is a country well known in the jargon of socialization and the fifth generation computer project. Institutions ICOT (Institute for new Computer Technology) was also set up to make it happen. Many news stating that the project has failed, but some other information that the success of the fifth generation computer project will bring new changes in the world of computerized paradigm.

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