B3 waste

you must have heard of the word WASTE. okay this time I will discuss more precisely the B3 waste. matter fact I got when I was in class XI. that time we formed so few groups to present about the waste and I get the material so we are looking for B3 this material and this time I will distribute it for you although this material has a lot of other disite site but I hope this material will help you all.

Waste is the residue of an activity and / or production processes, including the B3 waste here.Waste can be distinguished by its economic value can be classified in two groups, namely:1. waste that has economic value to the process waste more / processed to provide added value. For example: waste from sugar mills that drops, can be used as raw material for alcohol plant, the pulp slurry tebunya can be used for pulp and paper mills. Waste tofu still contains a lot of protein can be used as a medium for microbial growth eg for the production of single cell protein / PST or for algae, such as Chlorella sp.2. non-economic waste waste will provide added value even after processing, waste treatment is to facilitate its exhaust system. For example, a textile mill effluents usually mainly in the form of dyesBased on the nature of the waste can be distinguished:1. Solid waste is the result of industrial waste in the form of solids, sludge, slurry coming from the rest of the activities and or processing. For example, waste from factories in the form of cassava starch, such as waste from sugar mills bagase, mushroom cannery waste from the waste from the poultry processing industry, and others. Solid waste divided by 2, namely:a. be degraded, for example, organic material waste, cassava,.b. can not be relegated example plastic, glass, textiles, metal pieces.2. Liquid waste is the rest of the business and / or activity which is a liquid.Examples include: Waste from factories and tofu that contain lots of protein, wasteof the dairy processing industry.3. Waste gas / fumes are the rest of the business and / or activity in the form of gas / fumes.For example, waste from the cement plant waste treatment process can be done by:a. Aerobic treatment processes:Principles of Aerobic processing is completely decompose organic compoundscomes from waste in a relatively short period of time. Parsing is done mainlycarried out by bacteria and it is influenced by:1. number of sources of nutrients2. the amount of oxygenExamples of aerobic wastewater treatment processes include:- Active Mud (Activated Sludge)Mud is an insoluble material that is always visible presence in every stageprocessing, composed of organic fibers that are rich in cellulose and in it pooledliving microorganisms- Trickling filter (trickling filter)It is a vessel composed of a layer of coarse material, tough and waterproof.Its usefulness for treating wastewater with a flow mechanism that falls and flowsslowly through layers of rock and then filtered.Trickling filter has three main systems:1. Distributor2. Processing3. Collector- Swimming oxidation / stabilization (Oxidation Ponds)Swimming does not require an expensive cost. There are several major pools usedthe facultative pond, pond maturation and anaerobic pond.advantages of this pool:(A) Cost of BOD at low levels to produce quality effluent that 97%.(B) Algae that live in the pond has potential as a high source of protein and can beused for fishing. The fish can be cultured in a maturation pond.(C) Free pengoksidaan also be used to treat water and industrial waste water containing heavy metals.(D) Operation is easy. Minimum operating needs.Lack swimming pengoksidaan as follows:(A) Free pengoksidaan to drain effluent with concentrations of suspended soloist (SS) and high BOD(B) Expenditures foul odors disturbing residents living near this pond. This happens when there is no sunlight (when it rained and at night).(C) To create a pool pengoksidaan required large areas when compared toother conventional systems. So it is not appropriate if it is made in the area where the land is expensive.- Aerobic Digestion- Trenches oxidation (Oxidation Ditch)Compared to the conventional activated sludge process, axidation ditch has several advantages, namelyBOD reduction efficiency can reach 85% -90% (compared to 80% -85%) and produced less sludge.In addition to higher efficiency (90% -95%).- Carousel- Liquid fertilizationIt is a process of organic solid waste management where energy aerobicallyderived from the oxidation of waste produced by microorganisms at elevated operating temperatures. Rising temperatures will lead to: the highest total solids viscosity decreases (under aerobic conditions), increase the rate of reaction by microorganisms and helps generate rapid organic matter stability and detuksi pathogens. Successful fertilization is determined by the aerobic liquid that can move enough oxygen to meet their oxygen needs of the concentrated liquid mixture.This process is used on cattle manure, swine and dairy.- Contractor Biological spinning (rotating biological contractor)Analogous to the rotating trickling filter / filter drip spinning. Used among others to deal with municipal waste, waste water from the meat packing industry, milk and cheese, liquor and wine, pig and poultry production, processing and vegetable industry was adhesive and paper.b. Anaerobic treatment processAnaerobic treatment process is caused by the activity of microorganisms in the absence of free oxygen. Form of inorganic or organic compounds concentrated primarily from industry difficult or slow to be processed aerobically, the anaerobic treatment done. The end result is the anaerobic treatment of CO2 and CH4. Stages that occur in theAnaerobic processes are:1. acid fermentation in stadia2. regression in stadia acid3. alkaline fermentation in stadiaPrinciple anaerobic treatment process is to remove or degrade carbon materialsorganic matter in the wastewater or sludge. Advantages of anaerobic process is not need energy for aeration, sludge or sludge produced little in the form of organic pollutants (eg, polysaccharides, proteins and fats) almost all converted to form methane gas (biogas) that have high calorific value. While the weakness of the processing method is the ability of the growth of anaerobic methane bacteria are extremely low, thus requiring a longer time between two to five days to penggandaannya, requiring fairly large volume reactor.The process of anaerobic degradation in processing is divided into several stages:• Hidrolisi polymer organic molecules.• Fermentation of sugars and amino acids.• B - the anaerobic oxidation of long chain fatty acids and alcohols.• Anaerobic oxidation products such as fatty acids (except acetic acid).• decarboxylation of acetic acid to methane.• Oxidation of hydrogen into methane.Biopolymer degradation speed depends on the number of bacteria present in the reactor, the efficiency in converting substrate to the conditions of the substrate residence time in the reactor, the effluent flow rate, temperature and pH in the bioreactor. If the dominant soluble substrates, substrate reaction with substrate conditions such as residence time in the reactor, the effluent flow rate, temperature and pH that occur in the bioreactor, the reaction speed is limited, it will tend to form methane from acetic acid and fatty acid stable condition or steady state. Other factors that affect the process such as a stay or length of the substrate is in a reactor before it was issued as a supernatant or digested sludge (effluent). Minimum dwell time must be greater than methane generation time alone, so that the microorganisms in the reactor is not out of the reactor or wash out.Anaerobic treatment of waste there are 4 types of processes, namely:- How Conventional- Two-Stage Process- Two-Stage Process by Recycling Solids- Process Using Anaerobic Filter (Loehr, 1977)Examples of aerobic processing include: Lagun anaerobic digester and anaerobic filter.BioremediationBioremediation is an innovative wastewater treatment technology, which could be an alternative technology in addressing pollution caused by mining activities in Indonesia. Bioremediation is the technique of handling waste or environmental restoration, with relatively low operating costs, as well as friendly and safe for the environment.Bioremediation is the process of cleansing the soil contamination using microorganisms (fungi, bacteria). Bioremediation aims to break down or degrade contaminants into less toxic materials or non-toxic (carbon dioxide and water).There are two types of bioremediation, the in-situ (or on-site) and ex-situ (or off-site). Cleaning is the cleaning on-site at the location. Cleaning is cheaper and easier, consisting of cleaning, venting (injection), and bioremediation. While ex-situ bioremediation or cleaning off-side is done by contaminated soil excavated and moved to the shelter in a more controlled, then given special treatment by using microbes. Ex-situ bioremediation can go faster, able to kind of contaminant-remediation and soil types are more diverse, and more easily controlled than in-situ bioremediation.There are four basic techniques used within bioremediation:1. stimulatory activity of native microorganisms (in the polluted site) with the addition of nutrients, regulation of redox conditions, pH optimization, etc.2. inoculation (planting) microorganisms in contaminated site, the microorganisms that have special abilities biotransformation3. application of immobilized enzymes4. the use of plants (phytoremediation) to eliminate or modify contaminants.Ex-situ bioremediation includes excavation of contaminated soil and then taken to a safe area. After it was in a safe area, the land is cleared of contaminants. The trick is, the land is kept in tubs / tanks are watertight, then the cleaning agent is pumped into the tub / tank. Furthermore pollutants pumped out of the tub and then treated with wastewater treatment plant. Weakness ex-situ bioremediation is much more expensive and complicated. While the advantages among other process can be faster and easier to control, being able to remediate contaminant types and soil types are more diverse.Bioremediation process should pay attention to include soil temperature, soil acidity, soil moisture, and the nature of the geological structure of the soil, location of pollutant sources, the availability of water, nutrients (N, P, K), the ratio of C: N less than 30:1, and availability of oxygen.- The process of bioremediationExamples of environmental bioremediation of petroleum contaminated. The first one is to activate the natural bacterial decomposition of petroleum in the ground that had pollution. These bacteria will then treat the waste oil that has been conditioned in such a way as to fit the needs of live bacteria. In a short amount of oil content will decrease and eventually disappear, this is called bioremediation system.